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<title>Programmer (hardware)</title>

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Programmer (hardware)

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In the context of <a href="Installation_(computer_programs)" title="Installation (computer programs)">installing</a> <a href="Firmware" title="Firmware">firmware</a> onto a device, a programmer, device programmer, chip programmer, <a href="Programmable_read-only_memory" class="mw-redirect" title="Programmable read-only memory">device burner</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Muller_2003-1">[1]</a>: 364 or PROM writer<a href="#cite_note-Cressler_2017-2">[2]</a> is a device that writes, a.k.a. burns, <a href="Firmware" title="Firmware">firmware</a> to a target device's <a href="Non-volatile_memory" title="Non-volatile memory">non-volatile memory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Czerwinski_2013-3">[3]</a>: 3

Typically, the target device memory is one of the following types: <a href="Programmable_read-only_memory" class="mw-redirect" title="Programmable read-only memory">PROM</a>, <a href="EPROM" title="EPROM">EPROM</a>, <a href="EEPROM" title="EEPROM">EEPROM</a>, <a href="Flash_memory" title="Flash memory">Flash memory</a>, <a href="MultiMediaCard#eMMC" title="MultiMediaCard">eMMC</a>, <a href="Magnetoresistive_random-access_memory" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetoresistive random-access memory">MRAM</a>, <a href="Ferroelectric_RAM" title="Ferroelectric RAM">FeRAM</a>, <a href="Non-volatile_random-access_memory" title="Non-volatile random-access memory">NVRAM</a>, <a href="Programmable_logic_device" title="Programmable logic device">PLD</a>, <a href="Programmable_logic_array" title="Programmable logic array">PLA</a>, <a href="Programmable_Array_Logic" title="Programmable Array Logic">PAL</a>, <a href="Generic_array_logic" class="mw-redirect" title="Generic array logic">GAL</a>, <a href="Complex_programmable_logic_device" title="Complex programmable logic device">CPLD</a>, <a href="Field_Programmable_Gate_Array" class="mw-redirect" title="Field Programmable Gate Array">FPGA</a>.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Connection">Connection</h2></div>

Generally, a programmer connects to a device in one of two ways.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Insertion">Insertion</h3></div>

In some cases, the target device is inserted into a socket (usually <a href="Zero_insertion_force" title="Zero insertion force">ZIF</a>) on the programmer.<a href="#cite_note-Mazidi_2017-4">[4]</a>: 642, pdf15 If the device is not a standard <a href="Dual_in-line_package" title="Dual in-line package">DIP packaging</a>, a plug-in adapter board, which converts the <a href="Footprint_(electronics)" title="Footprint (electronics)">footprint</a> with another socket, is used.<a href="#cite_note-Edward_2006-5">[5]</a>: 58

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cable_&_port">Cable & port</h3></div>

In some cases, a programmer connects to a device via a cable to a connection port on the device. This is sometimes called on-board programming, in-circuit programming, or <a href="In-system_programming" title="In-system programming">in-system programming</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IEEE-2532-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-IEEE_1532_by_agilent-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jacobson_2012-8">[8]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transfer">Transfer</h2></div>

Data is transferred from the programmer to the device as signals via connecting pins.

Some devices have a serial interface<a href="#cite_note-Ong_2001-9">[9]</a>: 232, pdf3

for receiving data (including <a href="JTAG" title="JTAG">JTAG</a> interface).<a href="#cite_note-Mazidi_2017-4">[4]</a>: 642, pdf15

Other devices communicate on parallel pins, followed by a programming pulse with a higher voltage for programming the data into the device.<a href="#cite_note-Ravichandran_2001-10">[10]</a>: 125

Usually, a programmer is controlled via a connected <a href="Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computer</a> through a parallel port,<a href="#cite_note-Muller_2003-1">[1]</a>: 364

or <a href="Local_area_network" title="Local area network">LAN</a> interface.

A <a href="Computer_program" title="Computer program">program</a> on the controlling computer interacts with the programmer to perform operations such as configure install parameters and program the device,<a href="#cite_note-Muller_2003-1">[1]</a>: 364

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2></div>

There are four general types of programmers:

<ol><li>Automated programmers often have multiple programming sites/sockets<a href="#cite_note-gang_by_Oxford_Dict-15">[15]</a> for mass production.<a href="#cite_note-Mazidi_2017-4">[4]</a> Sometimes used with robotic pick and place handlers with on-board sites to support high volume and complex output such as laser marking, 3D inspection, tape input/output, etc.</li>

<li>Development programmers usually have a single programming site; used for first article development and small-series production.<a href="#cite_note-MiniPro_TL866_Universal_Programmer_Review-16">[16]</a></li>

<li>Pocket programmers for development and field service.<a href="#cite_note-MiniPro_TL866_Universal_Programmer_Review-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Google_Search_Field-service-17">[17]</a></li>

<li>Specialized programmers for certain circuit types only, such as <a href="Field-programmable_gate_array" title="Field-programmable gate array">FPGA</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FPGA_Programmer-18">[18]</a> <a href="Microcontroller" title="Microcontroller">microcontroller</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Mazidi_2017-4">[4]</a>: 642, pdf15 and <a href="EEPROM" title="EEPROM">EEPROM</a> programmers.<a href="#cite_note-YouTube-HowTo-13">[13]</a></li></ol>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

Regarding old PROM programmers, as the many programmable devices have different voltage requirements, every pin driver must be able to apply different voltages in a range of 0–25 Volts.<a href="#cite_note-Godse_2008-19">[19]</a>: 651 <a href="#cite_note-Ball_2002-20">[20]</a>: 40

But according to the progress of memory device technology, recent flash memory programmers do not need high voltages.<a href="#cite_note-Choi_2009-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-EETIMES_2002-22">[22]</a>

In the early days of <a href="Computing" title="Computing">computing</a>, <a href="Booting" title="Booting">booting</a> mechanism was a mechanical devices usually consisted of switches and <a href="Light-emitting_diode" title="Light-emitting diode">LEDs</a>. It means the programmer was not an equipment but a human, who entered <a href="Machine_code" title="Machine code">machine codes</a> one by one, by setting the switches in a series of "on" and "off" positions. These positions of switches corresponded to the machine codes, similar to today's <a href="Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">assembly language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DuCastel_2008-23">[23]</a>: 261–262 <a href="#cite_note-PDP8-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nova3-25">[25]</a>

Nowadays, <a href="EEPROM" title="EEPROM">EEPROMs</a> are used for <a href="Bootstrapping" title="Bootstrapping">bootstrapping</a> mechanism as <a href="BIOS" title="BIOS">BIOS</a>, and no need to operate mechanical switches for programming.<a href="#cite_note-Goel_2010-26">[26]</a>: 45

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manufacturers">Manufacturers</h2></div>

For each vendor's web site, refer to <a href="#External_links">"External links"</a> section.

<ul><li>Batronix GmbH & Co. KG</li>

<li>BPM Microsystems</li>

<li>Conitec Datasystems</li>

<li>Data I/O Corporation</li>

<li>DediProg Technology Co., Ltd</li>

<li>Elnec s.r.o</li>

<li>Elprosys Sp. z o.o.</li>

<li>halec</li>

<li>Hi-Lo System Research</li>

<li>MCUmall Electronics Inc.</li>

<li>Minato Holdings</li>

<li>Phyton, Inc.</li>

<li>Xeltek Inc.</li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Off-line_programming_(robotics)" title="Off-line programming (robotics)">Off-line programming</a></li>

<li><a href="In-system_programming" title="In-system programming">In-system programming</a></li>

<li><a href="Debug_port" title="Debug port">Debug port</a></li>

<li><a href="JTAG" title="JTAG">JTAG interface</a></li>

<li><a href="Common_Flash_Memory_Interface" title="Common Flash Memory Interface">Common Flash Memory Interface</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_NAND_Flash_Interface_Working_Group" title="Open NAND Flash Interface Working Group">Open NAND Flash Interface Working Group</a></li>

<li><a href="Atmel_AVR" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmel AVR">Atmel AVR#Programming interfaces</a></li>

<li><a href="PIC_microcontroller" class="mw-redirect" title="PIC microcontroller">PIC microcontroller#Device programmers</a></li>

<li><a href="Intel_HEX" title="Intel HEX">Intel HEX</a> – ASCII file format</li>

<li><a href="SREC_(file_format)" title="SREC (file format)">SREC</a> – ASCII file format</li>

<li><a href="Executable_and_Linkable_Format" title="Executable and Linkable Format">ELF</a> – Binary file format</li>

<li><a href="COFF" title="COFF">COFF</a> – Binary file format</li>

<li><a href="Hardware_description_language" title="Hardware description language">Hardware description language</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<cite id="CITEREFGooijen" class="citation web cs1">Gooijen, Henk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pdp-11.nl/dg/nova3/nova3.html#system%20console">"NOVA 3 console description"</a>. www.pdp-11.nl.</cite>

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<cite id="CITEREFGoel2010" class="citation book cs1">Goel, Anita (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zyOYs2EqZDgC&q=BIOS+bootstrap+EEPROM&pg=PA45">Computer Fundamentals</a>. Pearson Education India. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9788131733097</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li>Technical information

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jedec.org/category/technology-focus-area/memory-configurations-jesd21-c">JEDEC - Memory Configurations: JESD21-C</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jedec.org/standards-documents/docs/jesd-6801/">JEDEC - Common Flash Interface (CFI) Specification, JESD68.01, September 2003.</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.delorie.com/agenda/specs/29220404.pdf">Intel - Common Flash Interface (CFI) and Command Sets</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://standards.ieee.org/ieee/1532/3366/">IEEE Std 1532-2002 (Revision of IEEE Std 1532-2001) - IEEE Standard for In-System Configuration of Programmable Devices</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.keysight.com/main/editorial.jspx?&ckey=2052199">What is the IEEE 1532 Standard? | Keysight Technologies</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jedec.org/document_search/field_keywords/logic-device-programmer-2848">JEDEC - STANDARD DATA TRANSFER FORMAT BETWEEN DATA PREPARATION SYSTEM AND PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC DEVICE PROGRAMMER: JESD3-C, Jun 1994</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jedec.org/committees/jc-42">JEDEC - JC-42 Solid State Memories</a></li></ul></li></ul>

<ul><li>Manufacturers

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.batronix.com/menu/programming_technologies.html">Batronix GmbH & Co. KG</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bpmmicro.com/programmers/">BPM Microsystems</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.conitec.com/">Conitec Datasystems Inc.</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dataio.com/">Data I/O Corporation</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elnec.com/en/">Elnec s.r.o.</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.diagprog4.com/">Elprosys Sp. z o.o.</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dediprog.com/">Dediprog</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.halec.de/en/products/roloflash/">halec</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hilosystems.com/">Hi-Lo System Research Co. Ltd.</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mcumall.com/">MCUmall Electronics Inc.</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.minato.co.jp/en/">Minato Holdings Inc.</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phyton.com/">Phyton, Inc.</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.xeltek.com/">Xeltek Inc.</a></li></ul></li></ul>

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